The Promise of Two-Photon Microscopy
In Chapter 4 of the text you learn that, by selecting the appropriate fluorescent dye, researchers can use two-photon microscopy to image specific types of tissue and even track neural activity. Daniel Kerschensteiner at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has further developed the technique to label and image individual pairs of pre- and post-synaptic neurons and their connections. In a paper presented at the American Physical Society, he tells how he has used the technology to follow the changing connectivity in the mouse retina during the second week of life, and how he hopes to refine our understanding of how the developing brain reorganizes its connections. Science Daily, October 31, 2010. And at the University of Chicago School of Medicine, Jason Maclean is using a custom-built two-photon microscope to visualize the activity in neural networks of 1,000 neurons. They plan to study sections of mouse brain tissue to learn more about the neural replay that goes on in circuits following a learning experience, which is believed to be how the brain turns the neural information into a permanent memory. The Dana Foundation: Grants.
Harvard Psychologist Barred from Classroom
Usually when a scientist violates ethical standards in research, the result is some form of restriction on the scientist's research. That was the case for Mark Hauser after he was found responsible for eight instances of scientific misconduct; so far, one research article has been withdrawn and another corrected, his rsearch has been placed under additional oversight, and other restrictions could result from ongoing investigations by the federal government, which funded his research. But the psychology faculty and the dean have taken an unusual additional step: Hauser, who has received awards for his teaching, will be barred from the classroom for at least another year beyond the one-year leave of absence he is now completing. New Scientist, April 21, 2011.
First Clinical Trials With Human Embryonic Stem Cells
The Geron Corporation has begun a Food and Drug Administration approved clinical trial using human embryonic stem cells, in an attempt to reverse spinal cord injury. Patients in the study will receive stem cell injections within two weeks after injury in order to determine the procedure's safety, but researchers will also test to see if the patients benefit from the therapy. Science Insider, October 12, 2010. The following month, the FDA approved a second trial by Advanced Cell Technology to test stem cells in treating progressive loss of vision in children with advanced macular dystrophy. In earlier testing, the procedure prevented mice with a version of the disease from going blind. Science Insider, November 22, 2010.
In the meantime, the fight over federal funding for human embryonic stem cell research continues. In 2009 President Obama lifted Presdident Bush's ban against funding; a district court judge issued an injunction on the basis that federal funding of such research violates the Dickey-Wicker Amendment, but a U.S. Court of Appeals has now lifted that injunction and allowed federally-funded research to go forward. CNN U.S., April 29, 2011. How this eventually plays out in the courts may take on added importance: Although adult cells can be induced to function as stem cells, a study concluded recently that they do not proliferate as well as embryonic stem cells and they have a shorter life span. Stem Cells, February, 2010.
